How Does Shakespeare Make These Two Scenes dramatic Essay Example

How Does Shakespeare Make These Two Scenes dramatic? Essay Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is first and foremost a play about love. Romeo and Juliet meet, fall in love and get married the very next day. This love between two young people is constantly undermined by the underlying hate of their respective families. It is clear from the outset of this play that the story of these star-crossd lovers will not end happily ever after, in fact, only two days after marrying, they are both dead. This fast moving plot of the play allows Shakespeare to zoom in and concentrate on specific activities during the day rather than just giving us an overview of the day as a whole. The two scenes that I will be analysing, Act one scene five and Act three scene one, are both central to the plot of the play as a whole. Act one scene five is the scene in which Romeo first glimpses Juliet and they speak their first fourteen lines together, lines that form a perfect sonnet. Also, Act one scene five lays the foundations for the fight in Act three scene one when Mercutio (Romeos friend) and Tybalt (Juliets cousin) are killed and consequentially, Romeo is banished from Verona. Shakespeares positioning of Act one scene five is very clever because it means there are four scenes in which the mood of the play can be set and all the characters can be introduced to us, the audience, before the two main characters meet each other. In the first scene we see the rivalry between Two households, both alike in dignity, the Capulets and the Montagues. Shakespeare then goes on to introduce us to Romeo, a Montague, and Juliet, a Capulet. This is a good example of Shakespeares skill as a dramatist and his use of dramatic irony in that we know the identities of the two lovers but Romeo and Juliet do not know each others identity upon meeting. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Make These Two Scenes dramatic? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Make These Two Scenes dramatic? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Make These Two Scenes dramatic? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Act one scene four, the scene immediately preceding Act one scene five, Romeo speaks of his feeling of foreboding before entering the Capulets party, I fear too early; for my mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin this fearful date With this nights revels. This shows that Romeo, although he is going to look at Rosaline, with whom he thought he was in love, felt that something else might happen. When he says, Some consequence yet hanging in the stars we know that he believes in fate and that he thinks that something is destined to happen that is ordained in the stars but not yet revealed. Act one scene five would have been a visually spectacular scene for the Elizabethan audience that it was intended for, especially the groundlings. Although Shakespeare could not supply accurate costumes for his characters and their time period, there would have been a big difference between the clothing of the servants and that of the wealthy, upper classes who would have been present at the party. Shakespeare would not have been able to fill his stage with lots of extra actors but, never the less, there would have been quite a party atmosphere on stage which would have been impressive for the Elizabethan audience. Tension and suspense, in this scene, is created by Shakespeare in two ways. Firstly, there was an opportunity for conflict when Romeo, just having seen Juliet, is himself seen and recognised by Tybalt, Juliets cousin. This, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier, boy. Tybalt asks for his rapier, or weapon, which shows that he wants to fight Romeo and this causes tension for the audience because we know that Romeo has just noticed Juliet and if there is a fight now they will not be able to talk. However, there is not a fight in this scene as Capulet, Tybalts uncle, tells him to leave Romeo alone, Content thee, gentle coz, let him alone. Capulet is no more a friend to the Montagues than Tybalt is but he has a good reason not to want Tybalt to start a fight with Romeo, Youll make a mutiny among my guests. You will set cock-a-hoop! He doesnt want a fight to start between his guests or cause any disorder and with Capulet being the head of the house Tybalt has no choice but to comply and leave Romeo alone for the time being. It is this bit of tension which lays the foundations for the fight in Act three scene one. When Tybalt is told to leave Romeo alone he says, I will withdraw; but this intrusion shall Now seeming sweet convert to bitterest gall. This shows that, although Tybalt leaves Romeo alone for the time being, he wants to take revenge on him for daring to come into the Capulet house and even though he seems sweet at the moment he will turn bitter. The second creation of tension and suspense for the audience lies in the fact that we know the identities of both Romeo and Juliet. When we see them talking we know that they belong to opposing families and we know the consequence of their meeting, which is death. We know this from the prologue, The fearful passage of their [Romeos and Juliets] death-markd love, And with the continuance of their parents rage, Which, but their childrens end, nought could remove. This shows that they are fated to die and only this will end their families rivalry. Upon finding out each others identities, Romeo and Juliet realise the reverberations that this might have on their families. Romeo says, Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foes debt. This tells us that he realises that by being in love with Juliet, he owes his life to the Capulets. Juliet says, My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late! Prodigious birth of love it is to me, That I must love a loathed enemy. This shows us that she believes her love for Romeo is foretelling evil, but she still loves him because she realised his true identity too late. Another one of Shakespeares techniques that make him a skilful playwright is choosing issues that are of interest to his audience. In this scene we see how the Elizabethan concept of courtly love, between Romeo and Rosaline, makes way for true love, between Romeo and Juliet. Romeos courtly love for Rosaline is shown in the scenes leading up to Act one scene five where Romeo is seen to be pining after a woman who does not love him back and in fact probably doesnt even know that she is the subject of Romeos desires. When Romeo sees Juliet he pushes all thoughts of Rosaline out of his head, Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. He is renouncing all knowledge of his love for Rosaline; just at the sight of Juliet who he believes has true beauty, the like of which he has never seen before. We could believe that Romeo is a very fickle man and that he will soon be denying all knowledge of his love for Juliet but when they talk to each other we know that this is not true. In Shakespeares time women were not allowed to act so a young boy would have had to play Juliet and because of this, love could not be shown through lots of passionate kissing. Instead, Shakespeare portrays their love in their language. The first fourteen lines that the star-crossd lovers share form a perfect sonnet which was accepted in Elizabethan times to be a sure sign of love and therefore an appropriate way for Romeo and Juliet to express their love for each other. Romeo says the first quatrain, Juliet the second and the last quatrain and ending couplet are shared between Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare does allow one small kiss between Romeo and Juliet but this is not really needed as by this point the desired effect has already been achieved. The imagery that Shakespeare has used in Romeo and Juliets first meeting is particularly effective. Romeo refers to Juliet as a holy shrine, If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth this rough touch with a tender kiss, and says that if he has defiled Juliets hand by holding it in his then he will kiss her, with his lips which he refers to as pilgrims, to remedy this. Basically he is telling us that he has come to worship Juliet whom he sees as a saint. When Juliet answers Romeo she carries on the religious metaphor calling Romeo a Palmer, a pilgrim carrying a palm leaf, Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, Which mannerly devotion shows in this; For saints have hands which pilgrims hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss. This shows that she has taken into account what Romeo has said about her being a saint allows Romeo to worship her by the touching of hands, which she refers to as a kiss. Romeo, wanting a real kiss, asks Juliet, Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too? He is carrying on the holy imagery to convey to Juliet that he wants to kiss her. Juliets reply shows that although she probably wants to kiss Romeo, she will not, Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer She is using the religious metaphor to give a suitable answer, because in Elizabethan days it would not have been considered appropriate for Juliet to give in straight away and kiss Romeo. In the end though, Shakespeare gives the audience what they would have been waiting for, the lovers first kiss! Shakespeares use of the extended metaphor in this first meeting is extremely successful. Another issue of Elizabethan interest that Shakespeare conveys in this scene is the relationship with Juliet and her wet nurse compared to that of Juliet and her mother. Although we do not see Lady Capulet in this scene, we have seen from the scenes preceding that Juliet has a very formal relationship with her mother, Madam, I am here. What is your will? Compared to this relationship between mother and daughter, Juliets relationship with her nurse is very informal, Come hither, Nurse. What is yond gentleman? This shows that Juliet doesnt feel embarrassed to speak to Nurse whereas when talking with her mother she waits to find out what is wanted of her before saying anything. The contrasting language between the wealthy characters and the servants helps to make this scene dramatic and creates a clear way for the audience to know who is poor and who is wealthy. Shakespeare has written all the lines of his wealthy characters in blank verse with a stress pattern of iambic pentameter. On the other hand his servants speech has no pattern to it. This is basically the same as a modern play having its poorer characters speaking in slang and its wealthier characters speaking in formal English, which is very effective. All in all Act one scene five is a very dramatic, interesting and spectacular scene and Shakespeare used many techniques to make it so. Act three scene one is also a dramatic scene and many of the same techniques are used although they have slightly different purposes in this contrasting scene. The positioning of this scene is one thing that helps to make it dramatic. It comes straight after Romeo and Juliets wedding, which although we dont see it, we know has happened, and before Romeo and Juliets wedding night. The fact that their wedding night comes after this scene is crucial because it tells us that Juliet has chosen Romeo over Tybalt who Romeo has slain. Another way Shakespeare made this scene effective was in the creation of the character, Mercutio. When Romeo refused to take up Tybalts challenge to him, Mercutio stepped in, and took up the challenge for him to withhold the family honour O calm, dishonourable, vile submission! Alla Stoccata carries it away. Tybalt, you rat-catcher, will you walk? He thinks that Romeo refusing Tybalts challenge means that Tybalt has won and that he is dishonouring his family. In the fighting that follows, Mercutio is killed and this is what creates the anger that causes Romeo to kill Tybalt, Alive in triumph, and Mercutio slain! Away to heaven, respective lenity, And fire-eyd fury be my conduct now! Romeo realises what he has done and throws aside his respect for Tybalt who is now his cousin. If it werent for the creation of Mercutio, this scene would not be as dramatic because it would just be Tybalt challenging Romeo and them fighting till Tybalt died. Just like there was in Act one scene five, there is some dramatic irony in this scene. Shakespeare made sure that we know why Romeo did not want to accept Tybalts challenge but Mercutio, Benvolio and Tybalt were in the dark about Romeos marriage to Juliet. This makes it more interesting for us when Romeo does finally kill Tybalt because we realise that they were cousins and that Juliet will be in a very difficult position, having to decide between her love for Romeo and her love for her murdered cousin. This scene also reminds us just how fast moving the plot of the whole play actually is. Romeo and Juliet only met a day ago, got married just minutes before this scene takes place and now Romeo has killed Tybalt. This fast moving plot makes the entire play very dramatic because it means there is no time for relaxing, so to speak. The audience, and indeed the characters, are forever on the edge of their seat wondering what is going to happen next. Shakespeare made this scene visually extravagant, like Act one scene five but in a different way. The visual effect in this scene is seeing the characters fighting and two of them dieing. Just like people today love a good car chase in a movie, the Elizabethans loved a good sword fight in a play. Shakespeare knew this so he made the scene more dramatic for the Elizabethans by having two sword fights instead of just the one. The differing dynamics between characters in this scene makes it interesting and dramatic. As I have already mentioned, Romeo speaks very politely to Tybalt and wishes him no harm, I do Protest I never injurd thee, But love thee better than thou canst devise, Till thou shalt know the reason of my love This contrasts greatly with the unpleasant and offensive way that Tybalt speaks to Romeo, Romeo, the love I bear thee can afford No better term than this thou art a villain This shows that Tybalt holds contempt for Romeo whereas as Romeo says that he has nothing but love for Tybalt. In conclusion, the two scenes, Act one scene five and Act three scene one are crucial to the plot of the play as a whole. As such, Shakespeare used many techniques to make these two scenes as dramatic and as striking as possible. To hold the audiences attention during these two scenes Shakespeare used his skills as a dramatist to produce effects such as, dramatic irony, tension and suspense and he used language to highlight many emotions. I believe that Shakespeare was an expert playwright and even though I do not live in Elizabethan times I still appreciate his plays. For people living in Elizabethan times the appeal of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet would have been far greater than it is for me because Shakespeare knew what appealed to his audience and wrote his plays so that they would enjoy them. Also, Elizabethan audiences would not have had to analyse the plays in detail and would have been able to enjoy them as pieces of theatrical brilliance!

Free Essays on Play Therapy

Play Therapy Both directive and non directive Art Therapy Parenting skills Filial Play Therapy Modeling to the parents as a secure base for Juan Play therapy Coping skills Supportive â€Å"Play therapy is a helping interaction between a trained adult and a child that seeks to relieve the child’s emotional distress through the symbolic communication of play (Webb, 1999, p.30).† Through the interpersonal interactions with the therapist, the child experiences acceptance, catharsis, reduction of troublesome affects, redirection of impulses, and a corrective emotional experience. It is the therapist’s interventions and utilizations of the play that are critical The primary purpose of play therapy is to help troubled children express their conflicts and anxieties through the medium of play in the context of a therapeutic relationship. Play therapy helps establish the treatment relationship, provides a medium for working through defenses and handling anxieties, assists in the verbalization of feelings and helps the child to act out unconscious material and relieve the accompanying tensions (p.32)\ Directive and Nondirective Therapist-directed play therapy – Specific skills are being taught and/or emphasized such a sproblem-solving. Therapist chooses the toys, how they will be used, and for what length of time. Filial Therapy A major purpose of filial therapy is to strengthen parent-child relationships. Helps families to learn healthy interaction patterns and parenting skills that they can use as their relationships develop throughout their lives. It serves a preventive function by empowering families to strengthen themselves. VanFleet 1983, p.373 Art Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches with a focus on positive thinking and active problem solving. Weight problem TV watching Physical Activities Special time with mom Going to school Parental Involvement Parent education Sett... Free Essays on Play Therapy Free Essays on Play Therapy Play Therapy Both directive and non directive Art Therapy Parenting skills Filial Play Therapy Modeling to the parents as a secure base for Juan Play therapy Coping skills Supportive â€Å"Play therapy is a helping interaction between a trained adult and a child that seeks to relieve the child’s emotional distress through the symbolic communication of play (Webb, 1999, p.30).† Through the interpersonal interactions with the therapist, the child experiences acceptance, catharsis, reduction of troublesome affects, redirection of impulses, and a corrective emotional experience. It is the therapist’s interventions and utilizations of the play that are critical The primary purpose of play therapy is to help troubled children express their conflicts and anxieties through the medium of play in the context of a therapeutic relationship. Play therapy helps establish the treatment relationship, provides a medium for working through defenses and handling anxieties, assists in the verbalization of feelings and helps the child to act out unconscious material and relieve the accompanying tensions (p.32)\ Directive and Nondirective Therapist-directed play therapy – Specific skills are being taught and/or emphasized such a sproblem-solving. Therapist chooses the toys, how they will be used, and for what length of time. Filial Therapy A major purpose of filial therapy is to strengthen parent-child relationships. Helps families to learn healthy interaction patterns and parenting skills that they can use as their relationships develop throughout their lives. It serves a preventive function by empowering families to strengthen themselves. VanFleet 1983, p.373 Art Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches with a focus on positive thinking and active problem solving. Weight problem TV watching Physical Activities Special time with mom Going to school Parental Involvement Parent education Sett...

JTF-GNO Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JTF-GNO - Research Paper Example † The implication of the issues predominantly hinges on the question of normalcy which is of paramount importance in the national and international perspective. General Network Relationships: The GIG operations extend to giving support services and coordinating with the activities in areas such as the White House Situation Room, Department of State Operations Center, Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Federal Emergency Management Agency. Central Intelligence Agency Operations Center, the National Coordinating Center for Telecommunications, United Nations Military Mission, United States Coast Guard Command Center, Federal Aviation Administration Executive Communications Control Center), and other agencies are also covered on regular basis under various circumstances. Allied Partnership: The operations are global in nature and include information sharing with the allied and coalition partners on various security aspects. The differences in the c ommunication systems, operation standards and procedures need to be overcome through a common policyfor effective operations. NETOPS is responsible for integration, monitoring, control, and protection of the networks. Department of Homeland Security: The DOD coordinates with the civil authorities in homeland, be it federal state or local bodies through the national communication systems with JTF-Civil Support Unit of USNORTHCOM, in its security/homeland missions. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT): The JTF-GNO established the GNC through the merger of the JTF Computer Network Operations’ Directorate, DISA’s Global NETOPS and Security Center and the DOD computer emergency response team (CERT). US-CERT provides support and defense against cyber attacks and aids information sharing at various levels, government, industries and international agencies. National Communication Systems: The JTF J-6, bridges the gaps between civil, DOD, NGOs and other agencies in mission-o riented communications solutions and gather information on the commercial communications from the National Communications systems. Intelligence Community: The scope of GIG covers all communication systems or channels either owned or leased and include computing systems/services, software, data management and other security related aspects. The GIG supports the strategic, tactical and business operations related to national security and intelligence. The Director, National Security Agency (NSA) is also the commander USCYBERCOM. The NSA is responsible for developing and prescribing cryptographic standards and principles. DOD agencies, such as DIA, National Security Agency, and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, are responsible for ensuring that the respective systems are consistent with the GIG. Coordination with the CIA and FBI is also covered for combating cyber terrorism in the country and internationally. Law Enforcement / Counter Intelligence: Computer Network Defense (CND) takes measures for monitoring, analyzing and responding to the

Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Research Paper

Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality - Research Paper Example The paper also describes how research, empirical testing and knowledge development enables the modern and future nursing care to be culturally congruent and thus effective. a). Concepts And Subconcepts of The Theory Leininger’s theory focuses in explaining, describing and thus predicting the similarities and differences of nursing practice in relation to the conceptualization of the patient’s culture. Therefore it can be said that the main focus of the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality is the care of patients and culture (McFarland and Eipperle, 2008, p. 48). Moreover, the theory demonstrates the methods of nursing approach which aims at taking care of patients with an understanding of their culture. The application of this theory in nursing is through the Trans-cultural Nursing Model where patient care by nurses is designed in a way that it is congruent to the beliefs, practices and values of the patients (Leininger and McFarland, 2006, p. 57). Leininge r’s theory illustrates that since culture shapes every individual, it becomes very important for a nurse especially during medical care. The Trans-cultural Nursing Model therefore enables nurses to view their patients in terms of their beliefs and practices so that they would understand them sufficiently and hence facilitate care (Vandenberg, 2010, p. 238). The nursing care outcome in a trans-cultural patient care is a high level of patient well being (Ekman and Emami, 2007, p. 417). Nurses are mandated to be aware that patients are different because of the unique cultures. The contemporary society which is characterized by globalization and enhanced communication technology has enhanced migration and as a result, societies are more diverse with people from various cultural backgrounds. This reveals that The Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality is very relevant in nursing practice throughout the world. Because patients and their families expect their beliefs and values to be respected it becomes compelling for nurses to apply a trans-cultural approach in nursing practice so that patients are cared for in the most appropriate way (Leininger and McFarland, 2006, p. 59). Therefore cultural competence among nurses is regarded as a very valuable skill which differentiates one form of nursing from another. Planning nursing care requires the understanding of the patient’s values and beliefs so that various cultural phenomena are taken into consideration. The cultural aspects which are described within the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality include family, social groups, space, communication, genetic variations, spirituality, time orientation and health traditions. All these aspects must be understood by the nurse in order to provide relevant, appropriate and desirable care to the patient and as a result avoid misunderstanding, conflicts or law suits that would result from the dissatisfaction of the health consumers, families or friends. In trans-cultural nursing research, empirical testing and knowledge development is enabled by understanding individual cultures in relation to the social categories (Ekman and Emami, 2007, p. 418). Such research promotes the knowledge of nurses on cultures and thus enhanced current nursing practice and the future generation patient care. Additionally, knowledge develop

Local and National Provision of Hurling Essay Example for Free

Local and National Provision of Hurling Essay In this essay I will look at how Hurling is provided for in Belfast at grassroots level to representative level. I will also examine if there is any provision for those with disabilities to play Hurling and I will examine if there is any provision for different gender groups. I will then see what provision is available to play Hurling at national level and see how excellence is developed. The national governing body of hurling is the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). The National Organisation (G.A.A.) is run by Central Council (à rd Comhairle), with the Management Committee (Coiste Bainistà ­) controlling day-to-day affairs. They run the All-Ireland series of the club and county championships, and look after the Railway Cup competition. The Provincial Councils are the organisations responsible for the arrangement of G.A.A. matters within their Province. They organise the Provincial Championships for clubs and counties in both hurling and football, and look after organisational and disciplinary matters in their jurisdiction. Each of the thirty-two counties in Ireland organises its own GAA affairs through a County Board. Counties have a number of Divisional or Juvenile Boards to organise competitions at district and youth levels. The County Board (and / or subsidiary boards) will organise competitions for the clubs within its jurisdiction. They are also responsible for the organisation of teams to play at inter-county level, at all age groups from Under-10 to Senior. The G.A.A. has over 2,500 clubs in Ireland alone. The playing of Gaelic Games is based on the G.A.A/ Club, and each of the 32 Counties in Ireland have their own Club competitions, culminating in County Winners in championship and league. GAA Central Council (à rd Comhairle) Provincial Councils County Board Divisional or Juvenile Boards Clubs Young people in Belfast are catered to play hurling in a number of different ways. There are GAA clubs they can join which will take them from U8 right through to senior level, but there are also many competitions organised through schools and colleges. Clubs/County Schools U8/U10 Primary School Blitz tournament Inter School Competitions

Corporate Social Responsibility for Competitive Advantage

Corporate Social Responsibility for Competitive Advantage Introduction The famous Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman who once said that there is one and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits (Friedman 1970). Friedman outlines views which are characterized in two perspectives with regards to social responsibility, on one hand we are aware that attaining profits is one of the primary objectives but it doesnt mean that the managers should be focusing only on profits when making business decisions. There are other factors as well, with can be explored around different perspectives related to social responsibility, however focusing on a businesss application of Social responsibility to make decisions and benefiting society (Spector, 2008). Regardless of whether businesses pose any responsibility to partake in social matters is an ever-growing part of the commercial and industrial world, not too long ago businesses were expected to avoid any harm being done, however recently its almost frowned upon if a corporation does not engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) at all. Qualitative Analysis Forbes published a blog and the writer carried out a survey about consumer behavior, attitudes and awareness about cause marketing, consumer and employee perspectives on CSR issues. The results were that 65% strongly considered leaving their jobs if harm is caused to the environment by the company and a staggering 90% of the consumers said improving society should go hand in hand with achieving company business goal (Epstein-Reeves, 2010). 30,000 consumers were interviewed on Corporate Social Responsibility conducted by Neilson Global this survey ranged across 60 countries with the purpose to understand how invested consumers are with regards to sustainable practices in their daily purchases. It also covered which segments are ecologically and socially supportive in the responsibility efforts made. 50%+ respondents claimed they purchased at a minimum one service or product within the span of six months from a company that is socially responsible. Out of every 10 respondents, four said they have made socially and ethical purchases, these respondents were from North America and Europe (Nielson, 2014) Per Net impacts what workers want report, from the sample size, 45% of the staff agreed to have 15% reduction in pay that has a positive environmental or social effect. A further 51% of employees claim that helping make a better world working towards contribution to society are fundamental to the working society (Heldrich et al. 2012). Criticism however of business extends much further in that much more is expected of corporations today, with realization of ineffective government solutions on a social responsibility platform, for this and other reasons, in developed countries at least. Private sectors organizations are baring the burden of this responsibility to solve these social problems, let alone the directly responsible cases and matters it must rectify ie. Pollution, health and safety of products produced (smith, 2013) Discussion It is clear that with increased public and media pressure CSR is a matter of competitive advantage. From a Moral stand point, the argument is that with all the money businesses have as well as the power they possess to make societal changes, and are now obligated to do so, which seems to be the view of supporters of CSR which is similar to Crowther et all (2008) when he explained in his book that its the obligation of the firm to consider and include the society within its decision making and business operations. However, some argue that large companies have the only responsibility to maximize profits and have no grounds in socially moral matters otherwise, this may seem like a heartless view, whereas the supporters of CSR argue that charitable initiatives tend to shift the focus away from organizations harmful and unethical practices (Tran, 2015) The issue is then how does a business engage in actions that benefit everyone, this is a very difficult task however business managers must be able to balance these competing interests. Shareholders are those individuals to invest their money in the company in exchange for a percentage of ownership and typically voting rights, this makes shareholders the actual owners of the company and shareholders dont necessarily have the time or expertise to make a big decisions they elect the board of directors corporate officers to manage the day-to-day operations and send shareholders who again are the owners to make the decisions is the responsibility of the corporate officers to make decisions that are in the best interests of the shareholders and what is more important to shareholders profit so it is the responsibility of the corporate executive to make as much money as possible while of course operating within the rules of the game which refers to establish laws now engaging in what is termed social responsibility is in direct conflict with the shareholder model because it diverse resources in energy is away from profit maximising behaviours Take for instance giving to a charitable organization Freeman isnt arguing against donating to a local church but he is arguing that a business is not the appropriate vehicle to do it. for one finding cars that all of its shareholders agree with would be nothing short of a miracle and secondly by spending energies and resources on social responsibility the businesses giving up those alternatives that it may have otherwise engaged those alternatives may produce more of a benefit for the business. Instead Freeman believed that this is a super super profit maximization is actually making as much money for shareholders as possible and with that extra cash shareholders to donate to whatever organization they wish Freemans views of course represent just one of the two perspectives related to social responsibility the second perspective is known as the stakeholder model and maintains that businesses have a responsibility to not only see profits but also satisfy the interests of multiple sta keholders these stakeholders represent individuals or groups that have an interest in the actions and behavior of the business The conceptual thinking behind the stakeholder model is that for an organization to operate effectively the business managers need to continuously maintain a positive relationship and understanding with the environment and the society within which it operates. Failure to manage and maintain this will effectively cause harm to the reputation of the business in turn hinder their ability to operate. Since all stakeholder have different types of influence on organizations, they are then separated in to primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders represent those individuals or groups to have a greater influence on the organization they include businesses, customers, employees, suppliers government agencies and the local community (Henriques et al. 1999). These groups are very importance because the business depends of them for long term existence and survival. Consider the impact on the business if suddenly customers seize to buy and products or even the withdrawal of investors. The stakeholder model business managers top priority should be satisfying the various interests of these groups. Common secondary stakeholders like the media maybe not critical in the role played in CSR, however secondary stakeholders do pose strong publish perceptions which can influence the business (Henriques et al. 1999). Case Study 1 British Petroleum The stakeholder group do not carryout business on a regular basis with the company but the information that they communicate impacts the perception of the public drastically. For example, the lengths British Petroleum has taken to repair is damaged image in the light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (Spence, 2011). The shareholder and stakeholder models above clarifies the if the objective if profitability, does it make it wrong to proceed with decisions with the profitability objective in mind although one can confidently argue the case that boosting profits by cutting cost didnt benefit BP in the long term. Therefore, conducting oneself as socially responsible is less about being socially responsible and being more profitable in an unadulterated socialistic way as Freidman suggests. On the other hand, Shell does portray and provide good examples of CSR by promoting openness. Shell makes it clear that it is keen to commit to transparency when debating with stakeholders. Tell Shell is a discussion blog or forum which tackles issues and matters relating to Shell on a global scale. The posts are criticizing Shell and at the same time supporting Shell, and regular responses from Shell (Shell, 2017). Once the correct personnel are in place, the identification of which stakeholder representatives should be engaged with, specific types of engagements should be determined and a measurement of social performance. A detailed understanding of the companies current corporate social performance is vital when constructing a plausible CSR strategy with clear objectives and goal (Shell, 2017) Case Study 2 Kraft Heinz Kraft Heinz Co suffered a blow from the media in 2009/10 because of Cadburys hostile acquisition. Even though the unions of Cadbury opposed and fought the case in the anticipation that there will be major job cuts. Following the take-over, many top potions employees and executives quit and as much as 30% of the Cadbury staff were privy to leadership posts (Moeller, 2012). As the acquisition ended, over four hundred job had been made redundant despite the promise of Kraft to retain employees (Stiener 2017), this was seen to be a horrible PR let alone a worst case of CSR for Kraft since Kraft now has been negatively portrayed socially. The rising government and public pressure regarding the manner in which companies operate and the total effect it has on the environment is increasing. Kraft as well as many other snack food companies are under pressure with their role in buying palm oil which has direct and considerable links to deforestation (Allen, 2015). Kraft as all multinationals has strict regulations when in operation, these rules are constantly changing with the evolvement of new contaminants globally, but was forced to recall 11 types of chocolate in Chine when it was reported that 50,000 babies become sick and 4 died by contaminated milk by a chemical product (Rigby, 2011) Kraft invests largely in improving its technology to minimize their Co2 emission and protect the environment and reduce global warming. They have incorporated policies to increase the use of rail and low emission modes of transport instead of using trucks (Kraft, 2010) Key Drivers To get and understanding to what the key drivers are, then answering questions of intent is the first item to uncover. An examination of processes and practices is not the only method when studying CSR, but also in depth discussions of communication strategies within CSR. In which way do social and organizational factors cultivate and shape the beliefs and norms that drive organizations to engage in socially responsible activities? A practical way to accomplish this would be to consult top management since they are normally the candidates that spear head CSR initiatives (Lee, 2010) Ethical Consumerism How aware are end users of the activities of the company they buy their product from? Front a B2B standpoint, are converter factories making conscious decisions about who they trade with? Responsible Investment This drives public /institutional investors as well as high net worth individuals to invest in ethically responsible companies. This is a big encouragement for companies to comply and produce CSR reports Shrinking Role of Government This is evident in the fact that due to the shrinking role of governments to solve the problems and issues within the society, its it becoming increasingly clear that organizations are taking on this role. Public Pressure/NGO We can establish that trade unions and NGOs do play a big role in pushing CSR initiatives, therefore due to the possible reputational consequences, firms are partly incorporating more inclusive CSR policies and initiatives. Conclusion Parameters for measuring a companys value or worth and competitiveness has evolved over time, especially since the time Friedman wrote his article in the 1960s. Hence with the ease of access and availability of external information, ie. Macro factors, yes parameters have changed. Therefore in the 60s, companies that took part in social initiatives were rarely publicized or even made known to the larger audience or media. Where as in this current day and age, even the slightest alteration in the CSR policy of the company or social activity is documented and either praise or frowned upon. To sum up, this is a view point Milton Friedman may have not anticipated at the time when analyzing and writing his report.

Gandhian Values

Gandhian Values and its Relevance to me as a Future Leader : Ajay Dixit (10BEC1007) Amidst the atmosphere of tension, violence, differences of opinion, unemployment and inflation globally, today the question is being raised again and again about the relevance of Gandhian philosophy which is based on truth and non-violence. Anyhow, most of the people who oppose Gandhi's thoughts unfortunately are Indians and not foreigners. These people did not feel the relevance of Gandhian thoughts even when he was alive. This feeling of disagreement with Gandhian philosophy resulted in his assassination.Society is going through a degraded phase which should be revoked so that humanity sustains in this world for centuries. Today when we are surrounded by the forces of darkness, we need a leader like Gandhi, a man of rare courage, character, and charisma, who dares to tell the truth, who can overcome violence with nonviolence, and who shows us the way to light. Gandhi and his twin principles of satya (truth) and ahimsa (nonviolence) are more relevant today than any other time in human history, and the Gandhian style of satyagraha seems to be the only potent and pragmatic, moral equivalent of war in these troubled times.Gandhi not only said but showed us the way that, â€Å"nonviolence is infinitely superior to violence,† and the soul-force is far more potent than the brute-force. Gandhi was in favour of using the thoughts against the arms and not the arms against the arms, to fight injustice and inequality. He gave an armament to the humanity in which there was no need to raise arms or make enemies. He believed in changing the society with his thoughts and not with the power or force.After the heavy destruction of property and lives in the World War II, when there was no good in the war, at last in 1945, the United Nations Organisation made declaration according to the thoughts of Gandhi. That was, ‘war is no solution to any problem so all problems should be solved through mutual discussions'. All the members of the UNO signed this peace proposal. President of United States, Obama, has been inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. Obama has fixed a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi in his office, where he is seen conveying the message of peace.Obama is impressed with those great philosophies of Gandhi in which Gandhi inspired the world society to face the crushing policies with peaceful ones. Obama accepts Gandhi as his idol and took inspiration from the picture of Gandhi in his office. He says that this picture of Gandhi always reminds him that true results don't come from Washington but from the public. Obama says that Gandhi was to select an alternative while getting India free from the British rule, & he selected courage in place of fear.Obama, who talks of the Great change in the world & finds solution of the problems while following the path of nonviolence, is feeling the relevance of Gandhian ideals in this age of violence & terrorism. Gandhi being a wors hipper of non-violence clearly understood that violence is no solution for any problem. As the terrorism and violence are widespread in the world today, there seems relevance of Gandhian principles everywhere. Almost all the countries of the world including America are facing the severest economic recession since World War II. Gandhiji was against the big industries and was worried about the increasing industrialization.He used to call the set up of industrialization as ‘satanic set up'. Gandhi was of the opinion that the industrialization set up was based on the exploitation of man by man. The inequality will increase in the industrialization set up and there cannot be justice. Today the increasing unemployment in India and more industrialization has reminded the relevance of Gandhian thoughts. Including India in so many countries today, small scale industries, cottage industries and industries run by the workers are lying shut and the persons involved in such industries have been badly affected.Where ever such industries are running; the poor labourers, common man and the worker groups are hardly able to make both ends meet. Gandhiji always considered the welfare of the poor as the centre of the war of independence. I think the best way to educate our children on Gandhian methods would be to explain the reasons for violence in the world, which is intolerance of people that look/speak/behave differently from us. Educating them about the oneness of all humans, regardless of race and religious diversity. Also, we should educate our children about the real message of world religions, and explain how religion has een historically (and is currently being) exploited for selfish political and terrorist agendas. Today, people who are active in politics, mainly have the motive of gains by getting political power. The so said political leader should have got power for social service or issues for development & progress or for eradication of illiteracy & unemploym ent, for providing health services or for giving basic amenities like roads, electricity and water. For these, they should go among the voters & get support for the works done by them. Exactly opposite, now there are attempts to get the power as ‘fruit' without doing any labour.The result of this shortcut adoption is that communalism and corruption is flourishing throughout India. Many other countries of the world are also feeling the heat of communalism & casteism. At some places, communal riots are instigated just for communal polarisation and thus to make easy & early way to power. At some places, differences of language, caste & creed are spread. At present, some narrow minded leaders of a particular state who are also heading regional political parties in India are using narrow thoughts to spread hatred against North Indians.It is not a type of work, labour or action but a simple trial to get the result or ‘fruit' of power. Such people leave policies, principles & e ven humanity. They don't hesitate to take decisions of the lowest level just to get the wicked motives. Gandhi never took decisions on the basis of majority. He looked all the communities equally may be the Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs or the Christians or any other. His valuable wealth was his thoughts of peace, love, harmony, truth & non-violence.But the people, whose politics was based on communalism, perhaps didn't like his policy of communal harmony. In the end, a fundamentalist Hindu shot him. But after his sacrifice, his thoughts became more popular. May be that, critics of that great soul are more in number in India but every visitor to India from a foreign country who may be a head of the country, pay a visit to Rajghat & pay obituary. Today, all over the world, where there are peace marches, all remember Gandhi. So there is no gainsaying that the thoughts of Gandhi are relevant even at present & would remain forever.